When Takanori Kuzuoka began climbing the criminal career ladder, he didn’t fancy joining Japan’s old-school yakuza, with their tattoos, rigid hierarchy and codes of honour. Instead he was drawn to the newer, tech-savvy “tokuryu” underworld, where shadowy criminal kingpins use social media and encrypted messages to recruit often naive foot soldiers to do their dirty work. This new brand of Japanese organised crime has grown fast by creating its own criminal gig economy — with bosses insulated from arrest by disposable minions.
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